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Immigration

sources

1. “Donald the Deporter.” Economist. 9 Jan 2025

2. “How Far Will Donald Trump Go to Get Rid of Illegal Immigrants?” Economist. 9 Jan 2025

Laura Barrón-López. Ian Couzens and Shrai Popat. “Children Who are U.S. Citizens Deported Along with Foreign-Born Mothers, Attorneys Say.” PBS News Hour. 28 Apr 2025

3. Ana Ley and Hamed Aleaziz “ICE Separates Boy, 6, From Father During Effort to Deport Them to China.” New York Times. 4 Dec 2025

4. Douglas MacMillan. “Medical Examiner Likely to Classify Death of ICE Detainee as Homicide, Recorded Call Says.” Washington Post. 15 Jan 2026

5. Douglas MacMillan, Samuel Oakford, N. Kirkpatrick and Aaron Schaffer. “60 Violations in 50 days: Inside ICE’s Giant Tent Facility at Ft. Bliss.” Washington Post. 16 Sept 2025

6. Chris Hippensteel. “Couple Says ICE Agents Gassed Them as They Drove With 6 Children.” New York Times. 16 Jan 2026

7. Minho Kim. “Noem Denies Use of Chemical Agents in Minnesota, Then Backtracks.” New York Times. 18 Jan 2026

8. United States. Homeland Security. “FY2024 Budget in Brief.”

9. Steve Fisher and Vera Bergengruen. “Trump’s Immigration Push Diverts U.S. Agents From Drug, Money and Sex-Crime Cases.” Wall Street Journal. 6 Oct 2025

10. “June 2025 Sees Declines in Federal Criminal Referrals by ATF and DEA Agents.” Syracuse University. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse. 5 Aug 2025

11. Nicholas Nehamas, Michael H. Keller, Alexandra Berzon, Hamed Aleaziz and Zolan Kanno-Youngs. “Homeland Security Missions Falter Amid Focus on Deportations.” New York Times. 16 Nov 2025

12. Perry Stein. “A Quarter of FBI Agents are Assigned to Immigration Enforcement, Per FBI Data.” Washington Post. 8 Oct 2025

13. United States. Customs and Border Protection. “Border Crossings Once Again at a Record Low in November 2025.” 4 Dec 2025

14. United States. Customs and Border Protection. “Thanks to President Trump and Secretary Noem, More than 2.5 Million Illegal Aliens Left the U.S.” 10 Dec 2025

15. United States. Customs and Border Protection. “FY Southwest Land Border Encounters by Month.” 19 Feb 2025

16. United States. Customs and Border Protection. “FY Southwest Land Border Encounters by Month: Individuals in a Family Unit (FMUA).” 19 Feb 2025

17. United States. Customs and Border Protection. “FY Southwest Land Border Encounters by Month: Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC).” 19 Feb 2025

18. “Illegal Border Crossings from Mexico Reach Highest on Record in December Before January Lull.” Associated Press. 26 Jan 2024

19. United States. “Southwest Border Sector Apprehensions FY1960-2019.”

20. United States. Department of Homeland Security. “Glossary.” 19 Feb 2025

21. United States. Department of Agriculture. Marcelo Castillo. “Legal Status of Hired Crop Farmworkers, Fiscal 1991-2022.” 12 Sept 2025

22. Wendy Edelberg, Stan Veuger, and Tara Watson. “Macroeconomic Implications of Immigration Flows in 2025 and 2026: January 2026 Update.” Brookings Institution. 13 Jan 2026

23. United States. Congressional Budget Office. “The Demographic Outlook: 2025 to 2055.” January 2025

24. “Mass Deportation of Unauthorized Immigrants: Fiscal and Economic Effects.” Penn Wharton Budget Model. University of Pennsylvania. 28 July 2025

25. “Mexico.” The World Bank. 12 Jan 2026

26. United States. Department of Labor. “Adverse Effect Wage Rate Methodology for the Temporary Employment of H-2A Nonimmigrants in Non-Range Occupations in the United States.” 2 Oct 2025

27. D’Angelo Gore. “Trump’s Native-Born Job-Creation Claim Based on Questionable Figures.”

FactCheck.org. 23 Dec 2025

28. Francine D. Blau and Christopher Mackie, Editors.  “The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration.”  The National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine.  2017

29. David Ovalle. “Rural America Relies on Foreign Doctors. Trump’s Visa Fee Shuts Them Out.” Washington Post. 8 Dec 2025

30. Ian Ward. “The Online Right’s Favorite Nativist Slogan Is Gaining Traction in the Real World.” Politico. 31 July 2025

31. Stephen Moore and Richard Vedder. “Trump Can’t Achieve His Economic Goals Without More Immigrants.” Washington Post. 8 July 2025

32. Samuel Benson. “‘The Whole Thing is Screwed Up’: Farmers in Deep-Red Pennsylvania Struggle to Find Workers.” Politico. 15 Sept 2025

33. Wendy Edelberg, Stan Veuger and Tara Watson. “Immigration Policy and Its Macroeconomic Effects in the Second Trump Administration.” American Enterprise Institute. July 2025

34. Kyung Min Lee, Mee Jung Kim, J. David Brown, John S. Earle, and Zhen Liu. “Are Immigrants More Innovative? Evidence from Entrepreneurs.” National Bureau of Economic Research. 6 Mar 2023

35. Ufuk Akcigit, John Grigsby and Tom Nicholas. “Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity.” National Bureau of Economic Research. March 2017

36. Amelie F. Constant. “Do Migrants Take the Jobs of Native Workers? Migrants Rarely Take Native Workers’ Jobs, and They Boost Employment Effects in the Long Term.” IZA World of Labor. George Washington University and Temple University, USA, and IZA, Germany. May 2014

37. Giovanni Peri. “Do Immigrant Workers Depress the Wages of Native Workers? Short-Term Wage Effects of Immigrants Are Close to Zero – and in the Long-Term immigrants Can Boost Productivity and Wages.” IZA World of Labor. University of California, Davis, USA, and IZA, Germany. May 2014

38. Alessandro Caiumi and Giovanni Peri.” Immigration’s Effect on U.S. Wages and Employment Redux.” National Bureau of Economic Research. April 2024

39. United States. Congressional Budget Office. “Effects of the Immigration Surge on the Federal Budget and the Economy.” 23 July 2024

40. Carl Davis, Marco Guzman and Emma Sifre. “Tax Payments by Undocumented Immigrants.” The Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy. 30 July 2024

41. Devon Lum, Robin Stein and Ainara Tiefenthäler. “Videos Contradict Trump Administration Account of ICE Shooting in Minneapolis.” New York Times. 8 Jan 2026

42. Aaron C. Davis and Jonathan Baran. “Video Shows ICE Agent in Minneapolis Fired at Driver as Vehicle Veered Past Him.” 8 Jan 2026

43. “Eyewitnesses Say Renee Good Posed ‘No Threat’ to ICE Agents.” MPR News. 7 Jan 2026

44. Bora Erden, Devon Lum, Albert Sun, Hamed Aleaziz, Julie Bosman and Ainara Tiefenthäler. “How an Attempted ICE Arrest Turned Deadly.” New York Times. 1 Oct 2025

45. Alexx Altman-Devilbiss. “Report Reveals Deadly Wounds Renee Good Received in Minneapolis ICE Shooting.” ABC 4 News. 16 Jan 2026

46. Gaby Vinick. “‘A State of Terror and Fear’: Eyewitness Shares Her Recount of Fatal Minneapolis ICE Shooting.” ABC News. 7 Jan 2026

47. Brenna T. Smith, Belle Cushing, Jaclyn Jeffrey-Wilensky and Hannah Critchfield. “Videos Show How ICE Vehicle Stops Can Escalate to Shootings.” Wall Street Journal. 10 Jan 2026

48. Nick Miroff. “Fast Times at Immigration and Customs Enforcement.” The Atlantic. 26 Aug 2025

49. Myah Ward. “$50K Bonuses, Reduced Age Minimums and Superman: How ICE Will Fill Its Ranks.” Politico. 20 Aug 2025

50. Eric Bazail-Eimil. “Push for Greater ICE Training Grows on Some Republicans.” Politico. 15 Jan 2026

51. Julia Ainsley. “ICE Error Meant Some Recruits Were Sent into Field Offices Without Proper Training, Sources Say.” NBC News. 14 Jan 2026

52. Michelle Hackman, Kris Maher and Brenna T. Smith. “The Standoff That Has Turned Minnesota Into a Tinderbox.” Wall Street Journal. 17 Jan 2026

53. Carol Leonnig and Ken Dilanian “Top DOJ Officials Quit After Their Division Refused to Probe Minnesota ICE Shooting.” MSNOW. 12 Jan 2026

54. Erum Salam. “Minnesota, Twin Cities Sue Trump administration Over Surge of Federal Forces.” MSNOW. 12 Jan 2026

55. Hamed Aleaziz and Jonah E. Bromwich. “U.S. Cites Mideast Peace Process to Justify Move to Deport Student.” New York Times. 15 Apr 2025

56. Robert Klemko. “The U.S. Citizens Getting Caught in Trump’s Immigration Crackdown.” Washington Post. 7 Dec 2025

57. Kim Bellware and David Nakamura. “Judge Says Immigration Officers’ Use of Force in Chicago ‘Shocks the Conscience.’” Washington Post. 6 Nov 2025

58. Kyle Cheney.” Hundreds of Judges Reject Trump’s Mandatory Detention Policy, With No End in Sight.” Politico. 5 Jan 2026

59. Joyce Sohyun Lee and Drew Harwell. “It’s a War.” Washington Post. 23 Dec 2025

60. Drew Harwell and Joyce Sohyun Lee. “We Checked DHS’s Videos of Chaos and Protests. Here’s what they leave out.” Washington Post. 29 Oct 2025

61. Joanna Slater. “Trump Cabinet Secretaries Conspired to Violate Constitution, Judge Says.” Washington Post. 15 Jan 2026

62. Joanna Slater. “Trump Administration Illegally Targeted Pro-Palestinian Protesters, Judge Rules.” Washington Post. 30 Sept 2025

63. Jeffrey Passel and Jens Manuael Krogstad. “U.S. Unauthorized Immigrant Population Reached a Record 14 Million in 2023.” Pew Research Center. 21 Aug 2025

64. David Bier. “5% of People Detained by ICE Have Violent Convictions, 73% No Convictions.” Cato Institute. 24 Nov 2025

65. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “CBP Enforcement Statistics Fiscal Year 2024. Total CBP Enforcement Actions.” 17 Feb 2025

66. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “Criminal Noncitizen Statistics Fiscal Year 2024. Arrests of Individuals with Criminal Convictions.” 17 Feb 2025

67. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “Criminal Noncitizen Statistics Fiscal Year 2024. Total Criminal Convictions by Type.” 17 Feb 2025

68. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “U.S. Border Patrol Nationwide Apprehensions by Gang Affiliation.” 17 Feb 2025

69. United States. Department of State. “Country Reports on Terrorism 2021: Mexico.” 27 Feb 2023

70. United States. Department of State. “Country Reports on Terrorism 2024: Mexico.” 12 Dec 2024

71. “Terrorism in America After 9/11.” New America. 23 Apr 2025

72. Alex Nowrasteh. “Terrorism and Immigration: A Risk Analysis 1975-2023.” Cato Institute. 9 Aug 2024

73. Robert Adelman, Lesley Williams Reid, Gail Markle, Saskia Weiss and Charles Jaret. “Urban Crime Rates and the Changing Face of Immigration: Evidence Across Four Decades.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice. 29 Sept 2016

74. Anna Flagg.  “The Myth of the Criminal Immigrant.” The Marshall Project. 30 Mar 2018

75. Michael T. Light and Ty Miller. “Does Undocumented Immigration Increase Violent Crime?” Criminology. 25 Mar 2018 

76. Michael T. Light, Ty Miller, and Brian C. Kelly, “Undocumented Immigration, Drug Problems, and Driving Under the Influence in the United States, 1990–2014.” American Journal of Public Health. 23 April 2017

77. Robert M. Adelman, Yulin Yang, Lesley Williams Reid, James D. Bachmeier, and Mike Maciag, “Using Estimates of Undocumented Immigrants to Study the Immigration-Crime Relationship,” Journal of Crime and Justice. 3 Oct 2020

78. Alex Nowrasteh. “Criminal Immigrants in Texas Illegal Immigrant Conviction and Arrest Rates for Homicide, Sex Crimes, Larceny, and Other Crimes.” Cato Institute.  26 Feb 2018

Alex Nowrasteh, Andrew C. Forrester and Michelangelo Landgrave. “Illegal Immigration and Crime in Texas.” CATO Institute. 13 Oct 2020

79. Alex Nowrasteh. “Illegal Immigrant Murderers in Texas, 2013-2022.” Cato Institute. 26 June 2024

80. Nicole Foy. “Immigration Agents Have Often Grabbed and Mistreated Citizens, Congressional Investigators Find.” ProPublica. 9 Dec 2025

81. Nicole Foy. “We Found That More Than 170 U.S. Citizens Have Been Held by Immigration Agents. They’ve Been Kicked, Dragged and Detained for Days.” ProPublica. 16 Oct 2025

82. Raj Saha, Zach Levitt and Albert Sun. “Inside the Deportation Machine.” New York Times. 22 Dec 2025

83. Marie Ramirez Uribe. “Fact Check: Noem Says 1.6 Million Immigrants Have ‘Voluntarily’ Left the U.S.” PolitiFact. 25 Sept 2025

84. Jonathan Wolfe, Elian Peltier, Thomas Gibbons-Neff and Fahim Abed. The Suspected D.C. Shooter Was in a ‘Zero Unit’ in Afghanistan. Here’s What to Know.” New York Times. 27 Nov 2025

85. Zolan Kanno-Youngs and Hamed Aleaziz. “Trump Considers Overhaul of Refugee System That Would Favor White People.” New York Times. 15 Oct 2025

86. Meryl Kornfield. “Labor Department Social Media Campaign Depicts a White Male Workforce.” Washington Post. 7 Nov 2025

87. Elisabeth Bumiller and Erica L. Green. “Trump Fires Black Officials From an Overwhelmingly White Administration.” New York Times. 10 Oct 2025

88. Julie Turkewitz and Federico Rios. “’A Ticket to Disney’? Politicians Charge Millions to Send Migrants to U.S.” New York Times. 15 Sept 2023

89. U.S. Embassy in Colombia. “Trilateral Joint Statement.” 11 Apr 2023

“Over 300,000 Migrants Crossed Latin America’s Darien Gap in 2024, down 42%.” Reuters. 3 Jan 2025

90. United States. Customs and Border Protection. “CBP Releases December 2024 Monthly Update.” 15 Jan 2025

91. “Report on International Educational Exchange.” Open Doors. 17 Nov 2025

“Immigrants and Nobel Prizes: 1901-2024.” National Foundation for American Policy. 14 Oct 2024

92. Madeline Zavodny. “Why the United States Still Needs Foreign-Born Workers.” National Foundation for American Policy. July 2023

93. “The Importance of International Students to American Science and Engineering.” National Foundation for American Policy. October 2017

94. “Nearly Half of Fortune 500 Companies in 2025 Were Founded by Immigrants or Their Children.” American Immigration Council. 20 Aug 2025

95. Saheel A. Chodavadia, Sari Pekkala Kerr, William R. Kerr, and Louis J. Maiden. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship: New Estimates and a Research Agenda.” National Bureau of Economic Research. May 2024

96. Rodrigo Dominguez-Villegas and Victoria Rietig. “Migrants Deported from the United States and Mexico to the Northern Triangle: A Statistical and Socioeconomic Profile.” Migration Policy Institute. September 2015

97. Nick Miroff. “Trump’s Border Wall Has Been Breached More Than 3,000 Times by Smugglers, CBP Records Show.” Washington Post. 2 Mar 2022

98. Claire Hansen. “How Much of Trump’s Border Wall Was Built?” U.S. News & World Report. 7 Feb 2022

99. Perla Trevizo and Jeremy Schwartz. “Records Show Trump’s Border Wall Is Costing Taxpayers Billions More Than Initial Contracts.” ProPublica. 27 Oct 2020

100. Jeremy Schwartz and Perla Trevizo. “He Built a Privately Funded Border Wall. It’s Already at Risk of Falling Down if Not Fixed.” Texas Tribune.  2 July 2020
101. Chantal Da Silva. “Donald Trump’s New Border Wall Contract Will Cost More Than $30 Million Per Mile.” Newsweek. 20 May 20
102. United States. Government Accountability Office. “Southwest Border Security: CBP Is Evaluating Designs and Locations for Border Barriers but Is Proceeding Without Key Information.” July 2018 

103. Nick Miroff. “At America’s Toughest Border Wall, A Hole Remains.” Washington Post. 4 June 2018

104. Russ Buettner and Susanne Craig. “Decade in the Red: Trump Tax Figures Show Over $1 Billion in Business Losses.” New York Times. 8 May 2019

105. Anna Flagg and Shannon Heffernan “ICE Threw Thousands of Kids in Detention, Many for Longer Than Court-Prescribed Limit.” The Marshall Project. 17 Dec 2025

106. Alexandra Berzon and Allison McCann. “When Trump Officials’ Claims About Shootings Unravel in Court.” New York Times. 10 Feb 2026

107. Tiffany Hsu, Alan Feuer and Stuart A. Thompson. “White House Posts Photo Altered to Show Arrested Minnesota Protester Crying.” New York Times. 22 Jan 2026

108. Camilo Montoya-Galvez. “Less Than 14% of Those Arrested by ICE in Trump’s 1st Year Back in Office Had Violent Criminal Records, Document Shows.” 9 Feb 2026

109. Nicholas Bariyo. “U.S. Immigration Deportees Held in Secret African Detention Facility.” Wall Street Journal. 20 Feb 2026

110. Nate Raymond, Kristina Cooke and Brad Heath “Courts Have Ruled 4,400 Times That ICE Jailed People Illegally. It Hasn’t Stopped.” Reuters. 17 Feb 2026

111. Mitch Smith, Ernesto Londoño and Mattathias Schwartz. “Judge Vows to End Trump Administration’s Noncompliance ‘One Way or Another’.” New York Times. 26 Feb 2026

112. Caroline Kitchener. Charo Henríquez and Hamed Aleaziz. “Pregnant in ICE Detention: Handcuffs and Pleas for Medical Care.” New York Times. 20 Mar 2026

113. David J. Bier, Michael Howard, and Julián Salazar. “Immigrants’ Recent Effects on Government Budgets: 1994–2023.” Cato Institute. 3 Feb 2026

114. Sarah Blaskey. “ICE Training was Slashed, Records Show, Corroborating Whistleblower Claims.” Washington Post. 3 Mar 2026

115. “ICE Whistle-Blower Calls Training for New Agents ‘Deficient’ and ‘Broken’.” New York Times. 23 Feb 2026

116. David Nakamura and Sarah Blaskey. “Ex-ICE Instructor Testifies That Agency Slashed Officer Training, Lied to Congress.” Washington Post. 23 Feb 2026

117. Brenna T. Smith, Hannah Critchfield and Brian Whitton. “Five Takeaways from the WSJ Investigation of Government Assault Claims.” Wall Street Journal. 9 Mar 2026

118. Mitch Smith and Hamed Aleaziz. “ICE Tried to Justify a Minneapolis Shooting. Its Story Unraveled.” New York Times. 14 Feb 2026

119. Kyle Cheney and Josh Gerstein. “ICE Says Federal Agents Appear to Have Lied About Confrontation That Led to Shooting.” Politico. 13 Feb 2026

120. Miriam Jordan and Jeff Adelson. “Over 100,000 Family Separations in Deportation Push, Report Estimates.” New York Times. 18 May 2026

121. Ana Ley, Claire Fahy, Mark Bonamo and Nicole Hong. “Contaminated Food, Unwashed Hands: Inside an ICE Detention Facility.” New York Times. 10 July 2026

122. Casey Tolan, Rob Kuznia, Priscilla Alvarez, Audrey Ash, Catherine E. Shoichet, Michael Williams and Rhyannon Bartlett-Imadegawa. “Exclusive: How Understaffing and DHS Policy Drives Rising Deaths in ICE Detention Centers.” CNN. 15 May 2026

123. Kyle Cheney. “1 Year In, ICE’s Mass Detention Policy is On the Ropes.” Politico. 9 July 2026

124. United States. Customs and Border Protection. “U.S. Border Patrol At Large and U.S. Border Patrol at Entry Apprehensions.” 15 July 2026

125. Marcela Escobari, Ian Seyal and Paul Beach. “Shock, Awe, and Economic Fallout.” Brookings Institution.” May 29, 2026

126. Marcela Escobari. “ICE Is a Job Killer Everywhere It Goes.” New York Times. 26 June 2026

127. Elizabeth Cox and Chloe N. East. “Labor Market Impacts of ICE Activity in Trump 2.0.” National Bureau of Economic Research. April 2026

128. Lisa Marshall. “Heightened ICE Enforcement Harms US-Born Workers, Shrinks Workforce.” CU Bolder Today. 4 May 2026

129. Cole Reynolds. “We Looked at DHS Immigration Enforcement Involving Motorists. Here’s What We Found.” Washington Post. 15 July 2026

130. Zane Irwin. “Mexico to File Criminal Complaints in U.S. Over Immigrant Deaths.” New York Times. 10 July 2026

131. Ted Hesson, Joanna Slater, Carlos Alberto Buitrago Pinto and Samantha Schmidt. “Man Killed by ICE came to Maine Seeking Better Life for Young Daughter.” 15 July 2026

132. Ed Shanahan and Hamed Aleaziz. “ICE Says Detainees Are ‘Worst of the Worst.’ Government Data Disagrees.” New York Times. 6 June 2026

133. Hamed Aleaziz. “ICE Spent $700 Million on 7 Warehouses. Now It Wants to Get Rid of Them.” New York Times. 18 June 2026

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