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Immigration
Sources

1. Mark Hugo Lopez, Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn.  “Key Facts About The Changing U.S. Unauthorized Immigrant Population.”  Pew Research Center.  13 Apr 2021

2. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. “Fiscal Year 2019 Enforcement and Removal Operations Report.”

3. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. “Fiscal Year 2020 Enforcement and Removal Operations Report.”

4. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. “ICE Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2022.” 30 Dec 2022

5. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “Southwest Border Migration FY2019.” 28 Sept 2023

6. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “Southwest Border Migration FY2020.” 28 Sept 2023

7. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “Nationwide Encounters: FY2022.” 28 Sept 2023

8. United States.  “Southwest Border Sector Apprehensions FY1960-2019.” 

9. United States.  Department of Homeland Security.  “Table 39. Aliens Removed Or Returned: Fiscal Years 1892-2018.”  8 May 2021

10. United States.  Immigration and Customs Enforcement.  “U.S. Immigration And Customs Enforcement Fiscal Year 2019 Enforcement And Removal Operations Report.”

11. United States.  Immigration and Customs Enforcement.  “Fiscal Year 2018 ICE Enforcement And Removal Operations Report.” 

12. United States.  Immigration and Customs Enforcement.  “Fiscal Year 2017 ICE Enforcement And Removal Operations Report.”

13. John Gramlich.  “How Border Apprehensions, ICE Arrests And Deportations Have Changed Under Trump.”  Pew Research Center.  2 Mar 2020

14. United States.  Department of Homeland Security.  Mike Guo.  “Immigration Enforcement Actions: 2019.”  September 2020

15. U.S. Embassy in Colombia. “Trilateral Joint Statement.” 11 Apr 2023

16. Julie Turkewitz and Federico Rios. “’A Ticket to Disney’? Politicians Charge Millions to Send Migrants to U.S.” New York Times. 15 Sept 2023

17. United States. Government Accountability Office. “U.S. Assistance to Central America: Department of State Should Establish a

Comprehensive Plan to Assess Progress toward Prosperity, Governance, and Security.” 26 Sept 2019

18. United States. Congressional Research Service. “U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America: An Overview.” 16 Feb 2021

19. United States. Department of State. “Country Reports on Terrorism 2021: Mexico.” 28 Sept 2023

20. Alex Nowrasteh, Andrew C. Forrester and Michelangelo Landgrave. “Illegal Immigration and Crime in Texas.” CATO Institute. 13 Oct 2020

21. Mary Beth Sheridan. “Facing Stunning Levels of Deaths, U.S. and Mexico Revamp Strained Security Cooperation.” Washington Post. 8 Oct 2021

22. United States. Congressional Research Service. “U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation: From the Mérida Initiative to the Bicentennial Framework.” 12 Dec 2022

23. “Mexico.” Freedom House. 29 Sept 2023

24. “Examining the Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI): Executive Summary for the Wilson Center ‘Working Papers’ on CARSI in Guatemala and Honduras.” Woodrow Wilson Center.

25. “Immigrants and Nobel Prizes: 1901-2021.” National Foundation for American Policy. October 2021

26. “New American Fortune 500 in 2013: Top American Companies and Their Immigrant Roots.”  New American Economy.  29 Aug 2023

27. Madeline Zavodny. “Why the United States Still Needs Foreign-Born Workers.” National Foundation for American Policy. July 2023

28. Kyung Min Lee, Mee Jung Kim, J. David Brown, John S. Earle, and Zhen Liu. “Are Immigrants More Innovative? Evidence from Entrepreneurs.” National Bureau of Economic Research. 6 Mar 2023

29.  Ufuk Akcigit, John Grigsby and Tom Nicholas.  “Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity.”  National Bureau of Economic Research.  March 2017

30. Amelie F. Constant.  “Do Migrants Take the Jobs of Native Workers?  Migrants Rarely Take Native Workers’ Jobs, and They Boost Employment Effects in the Long Term.”  IZA World of Labor. George Washington University and Temple University, USA, and IZA, Germany.  May 2014

31. Giovanni Peri.  “Do Immigrant Workers Depress the Wages of Native Workers? Short-Term Wage Effects of Immigrants Are Close to Zero - And in the Long-Term immigrants Can Boost Productivity and Wages.”  IZA World of Labor. University of California, Davis, USA, and IZA, Germany.  May 2014

32. Giovanni Peri, Kevin Shih and Chad Sparber.  “Foreign STEM Workers and Native Wages and Employment in U.S. Cities.”  May 2014

33. Alex Nowrasteh and Robert Orr.  “Immigration and the Welfare State: Immigrant and Native Use Rates and Benefit Levels for Means‐​Tested Welfare and Entitlement Programs.”  Cato Institute.  10 May 2018

34. Lisa Christensen Gee, Matthew Gardner and Meg Wiehe. “Undocumented Immigrants’ State & Local Tax Contributions.”  The Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.  February 2016

35. Andrés Rodríguez‑Pose and Viola von Berlepsch.  “Does Population Diversity Matter for Economic Development in the Very Long-Term?  Historic Migration, Diversity and County Wealth in the U.S.” European Journal of Population.  23 Nov 2018

36.  Francine D. Blau and Christopher Mackie, Editors.  “The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration.”  The National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine.  2017

37. Robert Adelman, Lesley Williams Reid, Gail Markle, Saskia Weiss and Charles Jaret. “Urban Crime Rates and the Changing Face of Immigration: Evidence Across Four Decades.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice.  29 Sept 2016

38. Anna Flagg.  “The Myth of the Criminal Immigrant.”  The Marshall Project. 30 Mar 2018

39. Michael T. Light and Ty Miller.  “Does Undocumented Immigration Increase Violent Crime?”  Criminology.  25 Mar 2018 

40. Alex Nowrasteh.  “Criminal Immigrants in Texas Illegal Immigrant Conviction and Arrest Rates for Homicide, Sex Crimes, Larceny, and Other Crimes.”  Cato Institute.  26 Feb 2018

41. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Criminal Noncitizen Statistics Fiscal Year 2023. “Arrests of Individuals with Criminal Convictions.” 28 Sept 2023

42. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Criminal Noncitizen Statistics Fiscal Year 2023. “Total Criminal Convictions by Type.” 28 Sept 2023

43. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “U.S. Border Patrol Nationwide Apprehensions by Gang Affiliation.” 28 Sept 2023

44. United States.  Federal Bureau of Investigation.  “Gangs.”  29 Sept 2023

45. Nick Miroff. “Trump’s Border Wall Has Been Breached More Than 3,000 Times By Smugglers, CBP Records Show.” Washington Post. 2 Mar 2022

46. Claire Hansen. “How Much of Trump’s Border Wall Was Built?” U.S. News & World Report. 7 Feb 2022

47. Perla Trevizo and Jeremy Schwartz. “Records Show Trump’s Border Wall Is Costing Taxpayers Billions More Than Initial Contracts.” ProPublica. 27 Oct 2020

48.  Peter J. Meyer and Clare Ribando Seelke.  “Central America Regional Security Initiative: Background and Policy Issues for Congress.”  Congressional Research Service.   17 Dec 2015

49.  United States.  Government Accountability Office.  “Secure Border Initiative:  DHS Has Faced Challenges Deploying Technology and Fencing Along the Southwest Border.”  4 May 2010

50.  United States.  Customs and Border Protection.  “Border Wall System.”  14 Sept 2020

51.  Jeremy Schwartz and Perla Trevizo.  “He Built a Privately Funded Border Wall. It’s Already at Risk of Falling Down if Not Fixed.”  Texas Tribune.  2 July 2020
52.  Chantal Da Silva.  “Donald Trump’s New Border Wall Contract Will Cost More Than $30 Million Per Mile.”  Newsweek. 20 May 20
53.  United States.  Government Accountability Office.  “Southwest Border Security:  CBP Is Evaluating Designs and Locations for Border Barriers but Is Proceeding Without Key Information.”  July 2018 

54.  Nick Miroff.  “At America’s Toughest Border Wall, A Hole Remains.”  Washington Post.  4 June 2018

55.  Rodrigo Dominguez-Villegas and Victoria Rietig.  “Migrants Deported from the United States and Mexico to the Northern Triangle: A Statistical and Socioeconomic Profile.” Migration Policy Institute. September 2015

56.  Tim Smyth.  “Abuse of Migrants in Mexico Rises Even as Numbers Fall.”  Reuters.  16 Oct 2015

57.  Adam Isacson, Maureen Meyer, and Hannah Smith.  “Mexico’s Southern Border:  Security, Central American Migration, and U.S. Policy.”  The Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA).  June 2017

58.  Maureen Meyer and Adam Isacson.  “The Wall Before the Wall: Mexico’s Crackdown on Migration at its Southern Border.”  The Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA).  December 2019

59. Laurence Iliff.  “Bush Announces $1.4 Billion Drug Plan for Mexico.”  Dallas Morning News.  2 Nov 2007

60. “Just Don’t Call it Plan Mexico.”  Economist.  25 Oct. 2007

61. “Colombia Aid Failed to Halve Drug Making, Report Finds.”  New York Times.  6 Nov. 2008

62. Simon Romero.  “Colombia Inflates Rebel Toll With Slain Civilians.”  New York Times. 30 Oct 2008 

63. “Army Chief Steps Down Amid Scandal.”  Dallas Morning News.  5 Nov 2008

64. Simon Romero.  “Colombian Army Commander Resigns in Scandal Over Killing of Civilians.”  New York Times 5 Nov 2008

65. United States.  Department of State.  “Progress Report for the United States Strategy for Central America’s Plan for Monitoring and Evaluation.”  May 2019

66. Britta Glennon. “How Do Restrictions On High-Skilled Immigration Affect Offshoring?  Evidence From the H-1B Program.”  National Bureau of Economic Research.  July 2020

67. Emmanuel Abuelafla, Giselle Del Carmen and Marta Ruiz-Arranz.  “In the Footprints of Migrants.”  IDB and USAID. 2018

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