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2.  United States.  Congress.  “Banking Act of 1933.”  H.R. 5661.  73rd Congress.  16 June 1933

3.  United States.  Congress.  “Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980.”  H.R. 4986.  96th Congress.  March 1980

4.  United States.  Congress.  “Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982.”  H.R. 6267.  97th Congress.  October 1982 

5.  Ronald Reagan.  “Remarks on Signing the Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982.” 15 Oct 1982

6.  Timothy Curry and Lynn Shibut.  “The Cost of The Savings and Loan Crisis: Truth and Consequences.”  FDIC Banking Review.

7.  United States.  Congress.  “Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, Commonly Called Gramm-Leach-Bliley.”  S.900.  106th Congress.  12 Nov 1999

8.  United States.  Congress.  “Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000.”  106th Congress.  H.R. 5660 was incorporated by reference in the conference report to H.R. 4577. H.R. 4577, the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2001, became Public Law 106-554 on December 21, 2000.

9. “Kenneth Lay, Enron.”  Time. 10 Aug 2010

10. “Former Fannie Chief Agrees to $24.7 Million Settlement.” ABC News. 20 Apr 2008

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12.  Kathleen Day.  “Study Finds ‘Extensive’ Fraud at Fannie Mae.” Washington Post.  24 May 2006

13.  Kenneth Gilpin.  “Freddie Mac to Pay $125 Million Fine.”  New York Times. 10 Dec 2003
14.  Terence O’Hara and Kathleen Day.  “Riggs Bank Hid Assets of Pinochet, Report Says.”  Washington Post. 15 July 2004
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16.  Claudio Gatti and John Eligon.  “Iranian Dealings Lead to a Fine for Credit Suisse.”  New York Times. 15 Dec 2009 

17.  Lynnley Browning.  “UBS to Pay $780 Million Fine Over Offshore Services.”  New York Times. 18 Feb 2009

18.  Tyler Atkinson, David Luttrell and Harvey Rosenblum.  “How Bad Was It? The Costs and Consequences of the 2007 - 09 Financial Crisis.”  July 2013

19.  United States.  Government Accountability Office.  “Financial Regulatory Reform:  Financial Crisis Losses and Potential Impacts of the Dodd-Frank Act.”  January 2013   

20.  Roger Lowenstein.  “Triple A Failure.”  New York Times. 27 Apr 2008

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23.  Moody’s.  Investor Relations.  “Moody’s Reaches Settlement with U.S. Department of Justice, 21 U.S. States and District of Columbia.” 13 Jan 2017

24. United States. Department of Justice. “Justice Department and State Partners Secure $1.375 Billion Settlement with for Defrauding Investors in the Lead Up to the Financial Crisis.” 3 Feb 2015

25.  Bob Ivry and Craig Torres.  “Fed’s Court-Ordered Disclosure Shows Americans’ Right to Know.’”  Bloomberg.  21 Mar 2011

26. “Federal Reserve, Banks Kept Huge Size of Bailout Secret, Records Show.”  Bloomberg.  28 Nov 2011

27. “Secret Fed Loans Gave Banks $13 Billion Undisclosed to Congress.”  Bloomberg.  27 Nov 2011

28. “After Bailout, AIG Execs Head to California Resort.”  ABC News. 7 Oct 2008

29. “Merrill Lynch CEO Thain Spent $1.22 Million On Office.”  CNBC. 22 Jan 2009 
30.  Louis Story.  “Judge Accepts S.E.C. Deal with Bank of America.” New York Times. 22 Feb 2010
31.  Martha Graybow and Rick Rothacker. “BofA Pays $2.4 Billion To Settle Claims Over Merrill.”  Reuters. 28 Sept 2012
32.  Steven Davidoff.  “A $50 Billion Claim of Havoc Looms for Bank of America.”  New York Times. 27 Sept 2011

33.  Jessica Silver-Greenberg.  “Justice Dept. Sues Bank of America Over Mortgage Securities.”  New York Times. 6 Aug 2013

34.  Peter Eavis and Michael Corkery.  “Bank Of America’s $16 Billion Mortgage Settlement Less Painful Than It Looks.”  New York Times. 21 Aug 2014
35.  Jessica Silver-Greenberg and Ben Protess.  “JP Morgan Reveals It Faces Civil and Criminal Inquiries.”  New York Times. 7 Aug 2013

36.  United States.  Securities and Exchange Commission.  “SEC Enforcement Actions:  Addressing Misconduct That Led to Or Arose from The Financial Crisis.”  26 May 2015

37.  Steve Goldstein.  “Here’s the Staggering Amount Banks Have Been Fined Since the Financial Crisis.”  Market Watch.  24 Feb 2018

38. Matthew Goldberg.  “Top 15 Largest Banks in The U.S.”  Bankrate.  7 Jan 2025

39. “Key Trends in the Size and Composition of OTC Derivatives Markets in the Second Half of 2023.” ISDA. June 2024.

40. “A Golden Age for Stock Markets is Drawing to a Close.” Economist. 29 Feb 2024

41. Matt Wirz and Justin Baer. “They Crashed the Economy in 2008. Now They’re Back and Bigger Than Ever.” Wall Street Journal. 28 Feb 2025

42. “Wall Street Titans Are Betting Big on Insurers. What Could Go Wrong? Economist. 23 Jan 2024