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Trade

Sources

1. Joseph E. Gagnon. “Do Governments Drive Global Trade Imbalances?” Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE). December 2017

2. United States. Department of Labor. “Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject: Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey.” 3 Nov 2018

3. United States.  Census Bureau. “U.S. Trade in Goods and Services - Balance of Payments (BOP) Basis.” 3 Nov 2018

4. United States.  Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. “United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Text.” 27 Oct 2018

5. “Mexico Nominal Hourly Wages in Manufacturing.” Trading Economics. 27 Oct 2018

6. “United States Average Hourly Wages in Manufacturing.” Trading Economics. 27 Oct 2018

7. “Automotive Team: Industry Trade Data: U.S. Exports of New Passenger Vehicles and 60. Light Trucks, Value and Units.” International Trade Administration. Office of Transportation and Machinery.  27 Oct 2018

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9. United States. Executive Office of the President. “Canada.” United States Trade Representative.  22 Aug 2018

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11. Homi Kharas. “The Unprecedented Expansion of the Global Middle Class.” Global Economy and Development at Brookings. February 2017

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14. “Global Economic Prospects: Darkening Skies.” World Bank Group.  January 2019 

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25. Ana Swanson. “Trump Vowed to Shrink the Trade Gap. It Keeps Growing.” New York Times. 4 Nov 2021

26. Josh Zumbrun and Bob Davis. “China Trade War Didn’t Boost U.S. Manufacturing Might.” Wall Street Journal. 25 Oct 2020

27. “Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum Are Creating Some Winners.” Economist. 9 Aug 2018

28. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. “Manufacturing Business Outlook Survey.” July 2018

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31. “Global Unease, From Commerce to Currencies, Rattles Raw Materials.” Economist. 23 Aug 2018

32. Donald Luskin. “How Much Do Tariffs Matter.” Wall Street Journal. 28 Jan 2025

33. Davide Furceri, Swarnali A. Hannan, Jonathan D. Ostry and Andrew K. Rose. “Macroeconomic Consequences of Tariffs.” October 2018

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35. Daniel Mminele, Deputy Governor of the South African Reserve Bank. “The Role of BRICS in the Global Economy.” North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf, Germany. 7 July 2016

36. Alexandra Stevenson. “How Trump’s Tariffs Could Reorder Asia Trade and Exclude the U.S.” New York Times. 21 Feb 2025

37. “China Has Designs on Europe. Here is How Europe Should Respond.” Economist.  4 Oct 2018

38. “China Moves into Latin America.” Economist. 3 Feb 2018

39. Eric Jacobstein. “An Opening for China, Made in America.” New York Times. 20 Feb 2025

40. Adriana Alarcón. “LGMG to Invest US$5 Billion in Nuevo Leon.” Mexico Business News. 17 Oct 2023

41. Amy Stillman and Michael O'Boyle. “China’s BYD Visits Mexico’s Jalisco State as Potential Site for EV Plant.” Bloomberg. 8 Mar 2024

42. “China’s Investments to Vietnam Boom as Xi Visits Hanoi, U.S. Spending Down.” Reuters. 7 Dec 2023

43. Jenny Gross, Liz Alderman and Patricia Cohen. “As Trump Threatens Tariffs, Europe and South America Strengthen Ties.” New York Times. 6 Dec 2024

44. Patricia Cohen. “One Response to Trump’s Tariffs: Trade That Excludes the U.S.” New York Times. 4 Feb 2025

45. “Indonesia Joins BRICS Bloc as Full Member, Brazil Says.” Reuters. 6 Jan 2025

46. P.J. Huffstutter and Adriana Barrera.  “Exclusive: As Trump Trashes NAFTA, Mexico Turns to Brazilian Corn.” Reuters. 22 Feb 2018

47. United States.  Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.  “TPP Full Text.” 28 Oct 2018

48. Congressional Research Service. “The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Key Provisions and Issues for Congress.” 14 June 2016

49. “Weighing Anchor.” Economist. 10 Oct 2015

50. William Mauldin. “Donald Trump Withdraws U.S. From Trans-Pacific Partnership.” Wall Street Journal. 23 Jan 2017

51. Eva Vergara and Luis Andres Henao. “11 Nations Sign Pacific Trade Pact as Trump Plans U.S. Tariffs.” Associated Press. 8 Mar 2018

52. Adam Edelman. “Trump Says He Would Consider Trans-Pacific Partnership With ‘Better Deal’.” NBC News. 25 Jan 2018

53. Michael C. Bender. “Trump Asks Advisers to Study Rejoining Pacific Trade Pact Talks.” Wall Street Journal. 13 Apr 2018

54. Takeshi Kumon. “U.S. Seeks Level Playing Field in Japan Trade Talks, Ambassador Says.” Nikkei Asian Review. 18 Apr 2019

55. Peter A. Petri and Michael G. Plummer. “The Economic Effects of the Trans-Pacific Partnership: New Estimates.” Peterson Institute for International Economics. January 2016

56. United States. International Trade Commission. “Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: Likely Impact on the U.S. Economy and on Specific Industry Sectors.” May 2016

57. Peter Eavis. “These Companies Wanted Tariffs. How Are the Faring Now?” New York Times. 10 July 2019

58. Carson Kessler. “Why Harley-Davidson Is Moving Production Overseas.” Fortune. 26 June 2018

59. Joe Deaux. “America’s Top Aluminum Maker Is Getting Hit by U.S. Tariffs.” Bloomberg. 18 July 2018

60. Paul A. Eisenstein. “GM To Slash Over 14,000 Jobs from North American Workforce.” NBC News. 26 Nov 2018

61. Joe Deaux, Jack Farchy and Masumi Suga. “Losers Outweigh Winners as Trump’s Metal Tariffs Start Year Two.” Bloomberg. 24 Mar 2019

62. Andrew Tangel and ​ Josh Zumbrun. “Whirlpool Wanted Washer Tariffs. It Wasn’t Ready for a Trade Showdown.” Wall Street Journal. 16 July 2018

63. “Century Aluminum Company Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2020 Results.” Century Aluminum Company. 18 Feb 2021

64. Nathan Bomey. “Trump’s Steel, Auto Tariffs Damage GM, Fiat Chrysler, Ford.” USAToday. 25 July 2018

65. United States. Department of Agriculture. Stephen Morgan, Shawn Arita, Jayson Beckman, Saquib Ahsan, Dylan Russell, Philip Jarrell, and Bart Kenner. “The Economic Impacts of Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S. Agriculture.” January 2022

66. United States. Government Accountability Office. “USDA Market Facilitation Program: Oversight of Future Supplemental Assistance to Farmers Could Be Improved.” 3 Feb 2022

67. “U.S. Authorizes $12 Billion in Farm Aid.” Reuters. 24 July 2018

68. United States. Department of Agriculture. “Percentage of U.S. Agricultural Products Exported.” 30 May 2018

69. Patrick Thomas. “America’s Farm Recession Is Here. One Early Response Is Sending Billions to Farmers.” Wall Street Journal. 21 Dec 2024

70. Karen Braun. “Trade Tiff Has Market Over-Thinking Slow U.S. Soy Sales to China.” Reuters. 26 Apr 2018

71. Bryce Cooke and Hui Jiang. “Outlook for U.S. Agricultural Trade: FY 2019 Export Forecast Reduced by $3.0 Billion to $141.5 Billion; Imports Forecast at $127.0 Billion.” 29 Nov 2018

72. Michael Hirtzer and Mario Parker. “Trump Trade Tweets Send Grain Markets Diving to 42-Year Low.” Bloomberg. 6 May 2019

73. Justin Worland. “What President Trump’s Tariff on Solar Panels Means for American Jobs.” Time. 25 Jan 2018

74. Nichola Groom. “Billions in U.S. Solar Projects Shelved After Trump Panel Tariff.” Reuters. 7 June 2018

75. “Soybean Farmer Loses from Retaliatory Tariffs with No Bailout Funds in Sight.” All Things Considered. NPR. 11 May 2019

76. Donald Lynch. “Republicans Could Suffer from Chinese Company’s Failure to Buy Montana Beef.” Washington Post. 27 Oct 2020

77. Joseph Parilla and Mark Muro. “U.S. Metros Most Exposed to a Trump Trade Shock.” Brookings Institution. 30 Jan 2017

78. Wendong Zhang and Alejandro Plastina. “ISU Survey: Iowa’s Farmland Owners Continue to Age.” Iowa State University. 29 June 2018

79. “Larry Kudlow on Fallout from Rising Trade Tensions with China.” Fox News Sunday. 12 May 2019

80. Alyssa Fowers and Luis Melgar. “Who Pays for Trump’s Tariffs? Depends on the Product and the Country.” Washington Post. 11 Feb 2025

81. Heather Long. “Trump’s Steel Tariffs Cost U.S. Consumers $900,000 for Every Job Created, Experts Say.” Washington Post. 7 May 2019

82. Mary Amiti, Stephen J. Redding, and David E. Weinstein. “New China Tariffs Increase Costs to U.S. Households.” Federal Reserve Bank of New York. 23 May 2019

83. Mary Amiti, Sebastian Heise, and Noah Kwicklis. “The Impact of Import Tariffs on U.S. Domestic Prices.” Federal Reserve Bank of New York. 4 Jan 2019

84. Mary Amiti, Stephen J. Redding and David Weinstein. “The Impact of the 2018 Trade War on U.S. Prices and Welfare.” International Trade and Regional Economics. 2 Mar 2019

85. Aaron Flaaen, Ali Hortacsu, Felix Tintelnot. “The Production Relocation and Price Effects of U.S. Trade Policy: The Case of Washing Machines.” 18 Apr 2019

86. “World Economic Outlook.” International Monetary Fund. 2019

87. Sam Meredith. “After China, the U.S. Will Ratchet Up Trade Tensions With the EU, OECD Chief Economist Warns.” CNBC. 5 Apr 2019

88. Pablo D. Fajgelbaum, Pinelopi K. Goldberg, Patrick J. Kennedy, and Amit K. Khandelwal. “The Return to Protectionism.” 10 Mar 2019

89. Joseph E. Gagnon. “Trump and Navarro’s Mistaken Assumptions About Trade Deficits.” Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE). 1 Nov 2018 

90. Karl Russell, Lazaro Gamio and Ana Swanson. “This Is How Much the U.S. Imports from China, Canada and Mexico.” New York Times. 1 Feb 2025

91. “Trump’s Big Threat to Little Shipments.” Wall Street Journal. 4 Feb 2025

92. Santiago Pérez, Vipal Monga and Anthony Harrup. “Canada, Mexico Want America to Feel the Pain of Tariffs Too.” Wall Street Journal. 2 Feb 2025

93. Edward Fishman. “The World Has Changed Since Trump’s First Trade War. Other Countries Are Ready to Fight Back.” Wall Street Journal. 4 Feb 2025

94. Jacob Lorinc, David Welch, and Amy Stillman. “Car Prices Face $3,000 Increase as Automakers Worry Over Tariffs.” Bloomberg. 2 Feb 2025

95. Thomas Black, Jeremy Scott Diamond and Dave Merrill. “One Tiny Widget’s Dizzying Journey Through the U.S., Mexico and Canada.” Bloomberg. 2 Feb 2017

96. Andrew Jeong. “Why Trump Admires President McKinley, the Original ‘Tariff Man.’” 27 Jan 2025

97. Karl Rove. “What Trump Gets Wrong About McKinley.” Wall Street Journal. 9 Oct 2024

98. “The WTO.”  World Trade Organization.  27 Feb 2025

99. “Regional Trade Agreements.” World Trade Organization. 27 Feb 2025

100. Judith L. Goldstein, Douglas Rivers, and Michael Tomz. “Institutions in International Relations: Understanding the Effects of the GATT and the WTO on World Trade.” Cambridge University Press. January 2007 

101. Ryan Brutger and Julia C. Morse. “Balancing Law and Politics: Judicial Incentives in WTO Dispute Settlement.” The Review of International Organizations 10.2 (2015): 10, 2, 179-205.

102. United States. “Economic Report of the President.” Together with The Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers. February 2018

103. United States. International Trade Commission. “Economic Impact of Trade Agreements Implemented Under Trade Authorities Procedures, 2016 Report.” June 2016

104. “The Doha Round.” World Trade Organization. 27 Feb 2025

105. “Trade Facilitation.” World Trade Organization. 27 Feb 2025

106. “Plurilaterals: Of Minority Interest.” World Trade Organization. 27 Feb 2025

107. Dan Strumpf and Rachel Liang. “Micron, Blacklisted by Beijing, to Pump $600 Million Into China Expansion.” Wall Street Journal 16 June 2023

108. Jeffrey J. Schott and Euijin Jung. “The United States Wins More WTO Cases than China in US-China Trade Disputes.” Peterson Institute. 22 Nov 2019

109. Ana Swanson. “Trump Is Newly Unleashed on Trade, With Global Consequences.” New York Times. 14 Feb 2025

110. “The World’s Economic Order is Breaking Down.” Economist. 9 May 2024
111. Kevin Draper. “John Deere, a U.S. Icon, Is Undermined by Tariffs and Struggling Farmers.” New York Times. 4 Sept 2025

112. United States. Department of Agriculture. “Farm Sector Income & Finances - Farm Sector Income Forecast.” 3 Sept 2025
113. United States. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. “Are U.S. Importers Ready for the New Tariff Landscape?” 26 Aug 2025

114. “How Tariffs Impact the Home Building Industry.” National Association of Home Builders.

115. National Bureau of Economic Research. Pablo Fajgelbaum and Amit Khandelwal. “The Value of de Minimis Imports.”

116. “Travel Forecast.” U.S. Travel Association. 1 Oct 2025

117. “Economic Value Statistics.” NAFSA

118. “Fall 2025 International Student Enrollment Outlook and Economic Impact.” NAFSA

119. Abigial Tierney. “Service Sector of the U.S. - statistics & facts.” Statista. 26 July 2024

120. Sachin Shivaram. “My Workers Voted for Trump. Now They’re Absorbing the Impact.” Washington Post. 29 Aug 2025

121. “The Wrong Way to Help Farmers.” Wall Street Journal. 4 Sept 2025

122. Christopher Otts. “GM Profit Shrinks After $1.1 Billion Tariff Hit.” Wall Street Journal.22 July 2025

123. Pooja Salhotra. “In Trump-Friendly Iowa, the President’s Policies Have Hit Hard.” New York Times. 27 Oct 2025

124. Scott Lincicome and Alfredo Carrillo Obregon. “Tariffs ‘Funded” Everything in 2025’ – Will the Fantasy Continue in 2026? [UPDATE: Apparently, It Will].” Cato Institute. 5 Jan 2026

125. Tom Fairless. “Americans Are the Ones Paying for Tariffs, Study Finds.” Wall Street Journal. 19 Jan 2026

126. “You’re Paying 90% of Trump’s Tariffs.” Wall Street Journal. 13 Feb 2026

127. “Are Trump’s Tariffs Winning?” Wall Street Journal. 4 Feb 2026

128. “Tariffs vs. the Working Class.” Washington Post. 7 Feb 2026

129. Daniel Desrochers, Phelim Kine and Megan Messerly. “Trump’s Attempts to Lure Companies Away from China are Backfiring.” Politico. 31 Aug 2025

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